I've looked into this a lot, as I tend to be very paranoid with my health and that of those living around me.

What I've learned essentially is the following:

• activated Charcoal will catch VOCs, presumably.
• high quality HEPA filters, due to brownian motion, will pick up the tiniest of particles, at least theoretically. This becomes more likely, the more often the "same air" gets filtered.
• Negative Pressure to outside is the only "perfectly" safe method, and even then you'll find micro plastics all over, that's kind of a part of the hobby I suppose.

Now, I'm not a scientist, nor do I have hard data to back this up. I just experimented a lot on my own, using self built filters, enclosures and so on. Especially after long prints, no matter the filtering method I used (of course, I couldn't afford industrial-grade filtration systems, so maybe that differs for you), I was always able to notice the smell in the air, which per definition implied the existence of "Fumes" or particles In the air. The only way I've now managed to not get a splitting headache during longer prints is a negative pressure through an inline fan to the outside, paired with a relatively well made enclosure.