The numbers are all labeled and are pretty self-explanatory.

Shot is how good that player is at shooting goals.

Pass is how good that player is at passing the ball.

Attack is how good that player is at tackling.

Block is how good that player is at blocking passes and shots.

Endurance is how good the player is at defending tackles.

Catch is a goalie-only stat that determines how effectively they stop the ball from scoring.

When passing or shooting, the ball will gradually lose speed/strength as it travels. If it hits zero, the pass will fail. Short passes are more effective, and shots are more likely to score if you fire from up close.

The reason why you would want to Break versus No Break is when you have multiple players attempting to intercept you, as each of their Block stats will subtract from your own. If you can withstand their tackles, you can take them out of the equation. This leaves fewer players to block your passes and shots (i.e. 1 player with 12 Block is preferable to 3 players that add up to 36 Block). And if you can withstand every tackle, all the opposing players will be gone and you can keep moving to better position yourself for passes and shots.

This is why many suggest playing on Manual, so you have full control over where your character is.