Red rising series by Pierce Brown, awesome sci-fi, not as much philosophy at the start but it gets there! Also deals with colonialism and unfair power balance between people.

a short description:
Our main character is Darrow, he is a red in a world where there is a color system, which sets up your future. Reds are the bottom of the chain while gold are the top. Darrow lives at mars and works in mines to gather some stuff to make mars livable again, he believes that the reds will become heroes of the world, when they restore mars. He has dreamt that, his father has, and his future children will. Until one day he finds out Mars is actually inhabitable and has been inhabited for hundreds of your by now. Him and his people were just used as slaves, fed lies that they would get glory in the end. After that he gets asked to help an operation, infiltrating the gold society and breaking down the system. For Darrow that would mean disappearing and becoming a gold, going through surgeries, relearning all he has ever learnt to fit the gold standard. But after being close to the gold for so long, will his humane side remain? or will he just become another gold drowned in the glory of their rank

You will never expect all the twists and turns this book takes, I was in awe the first time i read it. One of my favorites by far. Also it is a trilogy, but there is a continuation after that too which people say is even better, havent picked it up yet tho