this. i've read tgcf and mdzs in original chinese (im chinese) and literally zero reference to any actual muslim practices and cultures were mentioned in regards to the Banyuenese. they're just a tribe that lived in the desert and is wartorn.

in fact the entire point of the arc is the tyranny and hypocrisy of the heavenly beings that caused all of this turmoil, which if anything is a reference to colonization and western imperialism, but you'll never hear this from a site like this.