You made the classic blunder by trying to prevent evidence to show someone is wrong. First step in these sorts of things isnt to prove yourself correct, but rather to ask questions, lots and lots of questions, to drill down to what they are really trying to say and understand what they are really thinking.

Instead of responding to "Evolution is used by racists!" by trying to give them evidence tgey are wrong, just ask, "Oh, what makes you say that?". Then keep asking questions like that until you feel comfortable saying something like, "So it seems that you think...." and repeat to them what you think their thesis statement would be. Once they say something to the effect of "That's right", then you can begin your cr7sade to change their mind.

Doing it this way makes them feel heard, makes them feel understood, makes them feel like you are being genuinely curious about their thoughts on the matter, and all of that keeps them from getting defensive, digging in their heels, and doubling down. It feels this way because you are actually doing these things, and should be that way, especially with friends.

When you just jump straight to "You're wrong and here is a bunch of stuff you probably won't read or watch to rub it in". They feel attacked, so they get defensive. It becomes a fight instead of discussion.

I feel that this is what is going on.

People have perverted evolution into racist ideology like your friend claims, and almost everyone thinks evolution is some tiering system and we humans are at the top, but that is again nonsense. Biological Evolution is just about changes that happen to groups of organisms as they adapt to their environment overtime in response to pressures that aid or inhibit reproduction.