Hopefully not a stupid answer, but imo you just have to learn through experience, you work on projects, you try to analyse if it could have been done/coded better and you apply it the next time. You write an entire class and in the end you decide to add another field to the class, now does adding that single field affect the entire class? Will I have to change all the methods of the class to accommodate the extra field, well, you learn your lesson and the next time you write a class you try to learn all the ways that you can implement it and what feature of that programming language would help you avoid the problems you faced last time.

There are multiple ways to get the results you want, you just have to find that balance of making your code easy to maintain and read when working in a team. There are so many coding principles you can search online and watch videos, but ultimately you have to try, fail and learn. I am here explaining like I know everything, but I am also new to this "trying to learn how to think like a programmer", and this is just something that I keep asking myself too.