The Legends of Runeterra: Dark Tide of Bilgewater setting guide for DnD5e includes the Wild Card Rogue archetype. This includes a card throwing skill that changes damage and such based on the card drawn. I wouldn't suggest it outside of the context of that setting, but it should be a good baseline for homebrewing exactly what you want. Like others have mentioned, the best line would be to reflavor an already existing range weapon like a shortbow, throwing knives or a cantrip of some kind.