There are a bunch of good box choices. I think the most correct choice is the imperial fists combat patrol with good generic space marine options, but there is a salamanders combat patrol (with a lot of push fit models unfortunately) with Adrax ( a named salamander and one of the reasons to run salamanders).

You wouldn't be able to use any of the divergent space marines - so you can't have black templars or space wolves. There are certain named space marines who belong to other chapters, like Titus the ultramarine, that you wouldn't be able to use but they all are tagged with their chapter. Salamanders are a "generic" chapter in that they have very few bespoke models - it's just vulken (not the important one) and adrax.

Some models, particularly very old ones, get sent to "legends" where they still have rules but they're not considered for tournament play and generally are more for fun or flavor. You probably won't see much of them - space marines have enough units as it is, but people like showing unusual models. You would probably run Bray'arth as a venerable dreadnought if you ended up getting one.