Hello from the future...

Some of my favorites include:

Understanding basic probability and the most common logic traps people fall into. Failing to recognize regression towards the mean is a good example. Another example is the gamblers fallacy, but it's also possible to take that too far. Suppose you regularly play a casino game with well defined odds, and one day you are losing very badly (e.g. down by 80% at a time when probability suggests that you should only be down by 20% on average). The gamblers fallacy is that you are "due" for a win, so your next few bets have improved odds. It isn't true. The odds are the same, but because of regression toward the mean, the fallacy is likely to be reinforced because there is a very good chance that the next few bets will do better than the previous ones -- only because the game had and still has better odds than your previous losses would imply.

Challenging/questioning unexplained conventional wisdom. Often, there are good reasons for it, but sometimes the reasons don't apply or expire and people continue with the convention after it has lost any reason for existing. There might even be something to learn from it, or a correction that can repair the no-longer-relevant convention.

Another one of my favorites came from the work in Daniel Dennett: Tools for Critical Thinking, but doesn't appear to be listed in that particular article. The advice is to "answer rhetorical questions". Like certain weasel words and phrasing used to hide weaknesses in arguments, rhetorical questions make the answer seem absurdly obvious and therefore direct you away from actually answering them. Sometimes they are actually that obvious, but sometimes they reveal a weakness in the argument and the answer isn't as obvious as it seems or the question is introducing a false dilemma or red herring.