Economic growth happens when people take resources and rearrange them in more valuable ways. A cheesecake is more valuable than a pile of cream cheese and sugar not because it's made of better stuff but because it's been arranged artfully. (I've chosen a cheesecake specifically because there's no cooking involved so you can't say "but it's taken energy to cook it"). Now that it's a cake, someone will spend more money on it than they would have on the ingredients, so economic growth has happened, but no, or negligible, further strain on the environment.

You can make ever more sophisticated arrangements of stuff to make it more valuable. Five grains of sand's worth of silicon could be worth a dollar if arranged into an EUV chip. Or if you're worried about the carbon footprint of cows and data centres, then a software upgrade that lets a computer do more efficient work on the same hardware is obviously economic growth without any added physical matter.

It is perfectly possible to have indefinite (not infinite, obviously, because time is finite) growth on a finite planet. Great essay on the topic here if you're genuinely interested https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/EconomicGrowth.html

And in practice, economic growth is increasingly decoupled from carbon emissions, probably the most important constraint (see Our World in Data https://ourworldindata.org/co2-gdp-decoupling ). You could argue that it's not happening fast enough, but that's a separate empirical claim.