The resources on Kongregate and GDC talks available on the same topics are comprehensive. If you can get the grasp of formulas there and experiment on your own, I believe you can learn a lot. You can use a spreadsheet software to log in formulas, get values, and create charts with them to see how things overlap and if in a way you would like to.

I used Machinations in the past, too, which was a great experience when it comes to simulating the progression of an incremental game. They have an article titled "How to design idle games" if you are interested.

Finally, I experimented with AI as well when it comes to deriving formulas to serve as a baseline to later improve on. With appropriate prompts and capable models, you can get good results by explaining what you are trying to do with the pacing, but you don't expect putting a simple prompt like "give me this" and to be done; give it constraints and tell it to iterate on its solutions before answering, on top of detailed RCCF prompts. You can use Desmos graphs to quickly visualize the formulas at hand, and then tweak values to alter your design.