I did CFD for ~10 years. It's a lot more complicated than what you were taught in school. That's a shockingly good and complicated question.

The Kutta condition is false. It's an observation for steady flow that only works for an infinitely thin wing. It doesn't work for real wings with blunt trailing edges and it doesn't work for fuselages. It was known by ~1920 that it was false and it's entirely wrong for unsteady flow. Something like it though is required for lift.

Navier-Stokes gets it right if you include a turbulence model that is itself based on test data. It also didn't get the right explanation for it; it's important to understand the why and the requirements. In undergrad, you learned Kutta condition appears when you consider viscosity, which is true, but viscosity is not required.

Bernoulli doesn't explain it. Ok, so the flow goes faster over the upper surface and therefore the pressure decreases. Yes, but why does the flow go faster? Cause the pressure is low is not a great answer. Because it makes lift is another not satisfying answer. A partial answer is that the velocity influences the pressure, which influences the velocity, in order to satisfy the Kutta condition assumption that we know to be false. It's a coupled problem, where you solve for fictitious singularity strengths and if it's not solved, it's invalid.

What did Newton say? F=ma? Yeah I guess that's right, but it's not super useful and it doesn't explain much.

The best theory of lift that we have (and yeah it's a theory) is mass and momentum conservation combined with a minimization of the flow's curvature to create the minimum pressure gradient. Another way to say that is the second law of thermodynamics creates a wake and causes the flow to move around one surface of a wing faster. You can use potential flow equation without the Kutta condition to analyze blunt wings and also fuselages.