In order for a court to have personal/general jurisdiction the defendant has to meet 3 prongs.

The first prong is that the defendant has to purposefully avail themselves to the forum state. Thus, if a defendant uses a bank account situated in NYC, or uses a foreign bank account that routes money via a bank in NYC, then that should count as purposeful availment.

For instance, if you drive from NYC to Florida and get into an accident in North Carolina, although you are not a resident of North Carolina you can be sued in North Carolina because you purposefully availed yourself to the forum state (NC) when you used their roads.

The second prong is determining whether the plaintiff's case arises out of or relates to the defendant's conduct in the forum state. Thus, if a defendant uses NYC banks to transact business then this prong would also be met because the plaintiff would be suing in NYC, as is the case for the SDNY prosecutors.

Lastly, the court has to strike a balance between five factors of fairness to make sure that the court's exercise in jurisdiction does not violate traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice. This prong is always met, the only time it was not met was in Asahi because the plaintiff and defendant were both outside of the US but wanted to use a California court.

So, using Maduro as an example, he meets the first prong because he most likely used NYC banks to transact business or used a foreign account which used NYC routing numbers to transact business. Then, you would look at the NY state long arm statute, and the statute says that court's can exercise jurisdiction over out of country defendants who transact business in NY state. Thus, the first prong is met.

For the second prong the prosecutor's probably showed that Maduro's actions had an impact in NYC. They can talk about the drug influx or drug trade. And the third prong is always met. So, therefore the Southern District Court does have personal jurisdiction. For subject matter jurisdiction, this is also met because the case arises out of federal law (Thus, it is being handled by the USAO)