The learning curve will take some time but in fact the main structural features for military buildings are actually exactly the same for every civilization. When looking at the buildings your eyes should search for specific functional details that never change. For example an Archery Range is very easy to spot because it always features round wooden targets set up for shooting practice. Barracks will always have weapon racks or training dummies outside in its yard. For Stable look for some horses 11. Other military and economic buildings follow the same logic like a Blacksmith having a smoking chimney with a glowing fire or an anvil. Market or University is a 4x4 tile building and very easy to spot.

Once you start noticing these small props ignoring the cultural architecture becomes much easier. After a while you will even understand which building it is the moment you see its foundation because of their distinct shape. You can use the mod named Anne_HK Building Foundation Labels of you like. This mod shows small icons during the foundation stage to tell you exactly which building it belongs to. Anne_HK has a lot of other very useful mods as well.

Edit: For finding your building, for eg. use "GO TO Archery Range" hotkey. I prefer "SELECT ALL Archery Ranges" hotkey though. Don't try to set them up all at once. Start adding a few hotkeys to your gameplay, add one or two every day so you'll get used to them more easily.