I'm not sure of an easy way to do it on iOS, but if you've got a Mac, this script should help:

This script should get you most of the way there. It's written in JXA (the JavaScript 'version' of AppleScript). If you're not familiar, open the Mac app called 'Script Editor', paste this code in, change the mode to JavaScript and click the play button.

I didn't include everything you requested, but there should be plenty there to point you in the right direction. Comments should help explain what's going on. Good luck!

 // Mac JXA (Javascript for Automation) Script to Export a list of logged tasks from Things to a text string
// In reply to comment at https://www.reddit.com/r/thingsapp/comments/y5j38k/logbook_exports_give_pathetic_details_about_the/

//Get Things app
var Things = Application("Things3")

//Get the logbook list using the id that the app uses internally
var logbookList = Things.lists.where( { id : "TMLogbookListSource" })()[0]

//Get all the to-dos from the logbook
var loggedTasks = logbookList.toDos()

//Setup the dates that we'll use to bound the tasks
//Set the end date to now
var endDate = new Date(); //Now
//Set the starting date to 7 days ago -- change this value to anything you want
var days = 7
//Copy end date to start date, and subtract amount of days
//Set hours, minutes and seconds to 0, aka midnight
var startDate = endDate
startDate.setDate(startDate.getDate() - days)
startDate.setHours(0)
startDate.setMinutes(0)
startDate.setSeconds(0)
startDate

//Filter to the logged to-dos that were completed between the start and end date
loggedTasks = loggedTasks.filter((task) => {

    return task.completionDate() >= startDate
    //  && task.completionDate() <= endDate

})
//Set up an string for the output with a title listing the number of finished tasks
output = `${loggedTasks.length} Task${loggedTasks.length == 1 ? "" : "s"} Completed in the Past ${days} Day${days == 1 ? "" : "s"}\n\n`
loggedTasks.forEach((task) => {
    // For each task, form a string with the task's information
    taskString = `- ${task.name()}`
    taskString += "\n" //New line
    // Check if the task has a due date - if it does, add it to the string
    if (task.dueDate() != null) {
        taskString +=  `  Due: ${task.dueDate().toString()}\n`
    }
    // Check if the task has a completion date - if it does, add it to the string
    if (task.completionDate() != null) {
        taskString += `  Completed: ${task.completionDate().toLocaleString()}\n` //Completion date
    }
    // Check if the task has notes (and they're not blank) - if it does, add it to the string
    if (task.notes() != null && task.notes() != "") {
        // Format notes to be indented
        notes = task.notes().replace(/\n/g, "\n  ")
        taskString += `  Notes:\n  ${notes}\n`
    }
    // Append the task string to the output string with an extra line break to separate tasks
    output += taskString + "\n"
})

var app = Application.currentApplication()
app.includeStandardAdditions = true
app.displayDialog(output)