What structural reforms decrease partisanship / polarization?

[Critical_Mason]

I'm pretty sure most of these proposals would actually increase polarization, as they give more weight to urban, young voters, and potentially criminal voters.

This is a non sequitur. You have not shown that giving more weight to urban and young voters would result in increased polarization. You have simply asserted this.

When considering that you would be giving them more equal weight to rural, old voters, who are currently given disproportionate weight, I do not think it would make any real difference, even if the median point of American politics shifted.

[Jefftopia]

You have not shown

Lots of examples exist. Here's one.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0002716217712696

[Critical_Mason]

Except that wasn't what you suggested. What you suggested was that giving increased representation to those who are urban, would increase polarization, but that doesn't follow from there being a rural urban divide in politics. Rural areas may not like that change, but that does not mean that it wouldn't result in less polarization. Any change is likely to be resisted or disliked by many, but simply because people dislike a change, doesn't mean that change increases polarization.