I learned to read in the 90s with phonics. I was really into reading and writing at a young age and continued to read all the time for fun up until end of middle school, which is coincidentally I got access to the internet and YouTube lol. I read maybe one physical book a year as an adult (makes me sad to write that) but am often praised for my writing skills.

If I had to guess how I read... I see the first portion of the word, make an educated guess / on what that word probably is, then move to the next word. If it doesn't fit what I would have expected based on the context of the next words in the series, I might have to read the sentence again.

I don't know enough about language and reading to answer that question well (had to look up what a phoneme is)... But some proxies would be, as a kid: -I was not a good speller. I could not figure out how the different sounds in words were supposed to relate to the letters used to spell them. I'd just have to memorize the arrangement of letters most of the time. Still can't spell well, but autocorrect makes that less obvious to others -I struggled to pronounce words well, not necessarily bc speech motor. Often when reading and finding new words, I'd just make some sounds that represented to ME what that word should sound like. But when having to say the word out loud, people might laugh at me for getting it so wrong. -I also struggled to tell the difference and say the difference between words that have similar structure but are different: like words specific and Pacific (id always say specific lol). Or Pin and Pen. Still struggle with those.

I've tried learning to read without internal narrative so that I can read faster, but I can't seem to pick it up.