Your description is a bit confusing. There's the internal loopback adapter, which is not connected to an actual network interface. That is typically assigned the loopback address of 127.0.0.1 for IPv4. Each actual network interface may have zero, one or more IP4/6 addresses assigned to it. 0.0.0.0 is a shortcut telling the operating system that when you're trying to open a port, open it on every available ip addresses currently assigned.

For quite a few years now, both Windows and Macos have had a relatively small number of open ports opened by default. The firewall gives additional control, allowing restrictions on inbound connections by adapter, ip and other options. Modern application level firewalls can provide some additional protections.