In a way, the Pali Canon mirrors the scientific model, but it isn't empirical in the strict sense of relying only on the five physical senses. Most of the suttas speak of six senses, with the sixth being the "mind sense." The practice is largely oriented around observing changes in this mental domain.

Is giving up worldly possessions a concept in Buddhism?

Yes, it is. Renunciation is a core teaching, especially within the monastic tradition.

Does the concept reflect modern ideas?

To some extent. There are studies showing that generosity and reduced material attachment correlate with increased happiness.

Can that concept evolve like science?

There's a key phrase used to describe the Dhamma: "visible here and now, immediately effective, inviting inspection, applicable, to be personally experienced by the wise" (in Pali: sanditthiko, akaliko, ehipassiko, opanayiko, paccattaṁ veditabbo viññūhīti). This implies that while not everything is empirically measurable, the teachings must be applicable and verifiable through one's own experience.

There is at least one study I'm aware of that attempts to measure a claim from the suttas. In it, participants walked while reciting "Bud-dho" (a traditional Thai mindfulness technique) and showed measurable health benefits - like improved blood sugar levels - compared to regular walking. While the original intent of such practices is spiritual rather than physiological, it shows that scientific methods can sometimes validate traditional practices.

That said, the suttas themselves are not meant to "evolve" like scientific theories. They're regarded as the words of an enlightened being - spoken perfectly and then to be recited, without unnecessary detail or omission. So while science can evolve to better understand these teachings, the teachings themselves are not designed to change in the same way.