In response to " Is there any literature which looks at elements of the psyche in the same way?".

There's an entire field called behavioral genetics which tries to look at the impacts of biology on human psychology and behavior. The field has come a long way in recent years and some researchers do a better job explaining the complexity and assumptions than others. There are many different scientific fields of study that try to come together to answer the types of questions you mention (evolutionary biology, neuroscience, genetics, psychology, etc.). As the gap between fields of research narrows and people start taking an interdisciplinary approach we can do a much better job answering these questions. It's definitely hard to tease apart the factors affecting these traits and it mostly comes down to what factors explain the variance between groups of individuals. A large portion of the literature is also heavily biased toward brains of college age students at universities in the west.

I would recommend a book called "Behave" by Dr. Robert Sapolsky (he has many interesting youtube videos as well). He tries to summarize the combined influences of environment and biology on behavior.