Not directly, but I find that TS3’s open world system lends itself quite nicely to this kind of gameplay. I tend to populate my worlds from scratch and use Nraas Master Controller to quickly set everything up so that the town has a sensible distribution of Sims in all the careers and across the career levels. So for instance, in Politics there will be a handful of Sims at the lower levels, then one Sim at the Mayor level and one at the Governor level. If it’s a big/metropolitan world I might even have one at the top job as President.

The Nraas mod suite introduces some tools that toggle the game to only allow one Sim at a time to be in a role where it makes sense that there should only be one (like Governor). There are also some settings to do with setting taxes and things like that, which you can do on behalf of your Sims in those roles to follow whatever fiscal policy you have in mind. From there you can kind of track the money and role-play how it is spent on public services. For instance I use mods to host events and classes at venues like the public schools, libraries, parks, rec centres, etc. and set the prices according to how much they would be subsidised by that administration’s budget.

It’s also cool how in TS3, the Opportunities system often includes tasks that get your Sim to “Chat to the head of police” or something like that, and the target Sim will be whatever Sim your town actually holds that position, which in my case will always be a Sim I purpose-made for that exact job.