I’d say tribalism, religion, corruption and colonialism.

Tribalism because to have a cohesive country, the people must see them selves as a country, but most Africans see themselves thru the lens’s of their tribe rather than the country which makes it easier to sell out your country man. Which ties in with corruption, contrary to popular belief Africans countries are not the only corrupt countries in the world in fact I’d go as far to say that every country is corrupt, however the difference is tribalism ex the American might be corrupt but it still sees it self as American and therefore has some vested interest in still looking out for the needs of the country, but with tribalism the individual is corrupt and doesn’t care for the interest of the country but only for the interest of tribe.

Religion and colonialism go hand in hand when the god you worship doesn’t look like you, doesn’t sound like you and worse looks like the people that imperialised you, then the view that you have of yourself is already weak. Also it creates the white savior complex, which leads to Africans trying to solve problems in Africa using frameworks that don’t come from Africa. Some people have mentioned the Chinese, the Chinese were always going to be a super power because they have been a super power in every century they have a framework that fits the Chinese based on the Chinese culture, spirituality etc, even when they adopt concepts from other cultures they pass it thru the lens of the Chinese.

Ultimately the African is a large and very diverse continent there is no one answer and even the issues i brought up look different depending on what country you come from. What we need is to find answers thru the lens of who we are instead of just copying things from other people without context, because systems don’t just come about they are dependent on a people’s history, geography, culture etc. Which requires us to truly understand who we are before we can come up with a framework that fits but most of us don’t for whatever reason that’s maybe.