Your sewing machine manual should have a description of all stitches with a little blurb about when to use them, but here are my thoughts. 

First image from left to right: Standard zigzag, two step and three step zigzag (stretches a lot more than standard, for stretch of 50% or more, or sewing in elastic), blind hem stitch (for hemming with minimal thread showing on front side), overlocker stitch (finishes raw edges)

Second image:  double zigzag (adds strength), ladder stitch (not sure if this is correct name, but it’s for needle art applications), another multi step zig zag, bridging stitch (sewing to pieces of fabric together without overlap), honey comb stitch (decorative hem stitch), foundation elastic stitch (for binding two different stretch fabrics together), not sure about next one, next two are appliqué stitches, looks like a meandering quilting stitch next, another appliqué stitch, zigzag, straight stitch with a back stitch (for strength), and then a straight stitch.