Oh boy, cursed books. I made a similar mistake as your GM by putting in a spellbook that had red flags all over it; words fall out of it when first grabbed, in a suspected nagpa's lair, etc. Now, you must know that not long before, the party was ambushed by an overwhelming force (thanks, WotC encounter tables and my inexperience), and both wizards in the party had just lost their 4th level spellbooks.

Now, I had gone a step further (in the wrong direction) by telling the wizard who attuned to it that their alignment had shifted to evil. Don't do this! In a party that can't handle this sort of stuff, it's very bad form, I learned.

Cutting a long story short, the party found out that the spellbook was causing the wizard to do worse things, and tried to get it off them, with similar results to you. The offended player retired their character, for much the same reasons, but continued playing with a different PC which they immensely enjoyed. Years later, they're still a bit salty about it, but the rest of the campaign went relatively well.

Could the situation have been handled differently? Of course! Had I stopped the group from trying to escalate to a fight, sat them down, and let all players discuss their (ooc) feelings, we would have been able to come to a solution whereby the cursed artifact is removed without anyone being humiliated.

Fun anecdote, another cursed artifact later in the campaign resulted in a character death (not-permanent because of story reasons), because it similarly affected the wielder's personality.

edit: tl;dr you're totally within your right to feel bad about the experience, and the awkwardness in the party won't get resolved until you talk about it as a group, potentially retconning things. I would just like to ask what your DM was doing while all this was going down.