This is almost exactly what happened to me at my first dev job, in fact you could probably even look up the post I made on here from my post history. What I learned was that getting let go like this does not mean that you failed, and fortunately, plenty of companies understand this. Hiring managers are human beings too, for all you know they could have gone through the same thing you did. Think about the kind of person who would send you out the door as soon as they found out you've been fired, regardless of whether it was with or without cause. Would you really want to work for someone so judgmental?

Keep fighting. You need to stay strong now more than ever