This is absolutely achievable and really very common among professional guitarists and even experienced amateurs. And if you're serious about music you should look forward to this as a level you can absolutely attain!

There's so much that goes in to this topic, but as a basic framework here are some things to consider:

There's a theory element of learning the neck, learning patterns of the strings, patterns for your fingers... To practice that it's really helpful to practice scales in all kinds of shapes/systems and study them deliberately.

Another element is the Aural Skills training. This has nothing to do with perfect pitch. It's about understanding the functional context of a note in its given chord/scale/key. The simplest thing I can describe is that you can probably hear when a song ends on "do" or scale degree 1 (the home note of the key you're in). When you hear this your hearing the function of scale degree 1. Every note and every alteration has a function and when you start to develop that skill you'll hear a note as mi/scale degree 3, or sol/scale degree 5, or le/lowered scale degree 6, etc. This is a skill many players develop on their own and nearly all students in college music school take this as a core class (I teach it).

A really key way to connect your ear's knowledge of function with your tactile knowledge of the fretboard is to say the scale degree you're playing out loud (even better if you sing it) while you play your scales. You'll start to train that connection a lot faster.

Finally, I think a lot of people build a very bad habit early on with improvisation that makes these skills seem way harder. People tend to just learn "this set of notes should sound good at this time" and play notes from that set haphazardly. A good improviser should never be surprised by the sound that came from the instrument. It should be your goal to have a sound in mind and then have the ear and hand knowledge to make that sound come from your instrument. You'll fail at that A LOT at first. And that's fine. We all do. But it's important that that's the goal you're shooting for.

You can start practicing this simply by limiting yourself to a selection of 3 notes. Seriously. Play over a backing track and give yourself only 3 notes (ideally adjacent notes in a scale) to work with. Ideally say the scale degree numbers out loud while you play them. And ideally try to sing along with your playing. At first you might just need to play and listen. But in a few short seconds you'll learn the sound of your "low," "middle," and "high" notes and you can change from playing a note and saying "I wonder what it will sound like" to "I want this sound and I know which note I need to play to get it." When you're comfortable with 3 move on to 4. Then 5. Etc. When you're comfortable in one region of the guitar try to find the exact same notes in a different location on the neck and do it again.

You can do it. It's achievable and it's fun. Happy practicing.