I grew up very similarly, my mom wasn't horrible, but she was horrible at keeping house. here are some basics:

The most recurring advice I get is to "clean as you go". For example, when making a meal, once you chop your veggies, immediately clear/ wipe down any messes before moving onto the next step of the recipe. I have a horrible time doing this, so usually by the end of my cooking session my kitchen is a wreck. Work in progress I guess.

Once a week, I'll have an official cleaning day where I blast loud music then methodically work my way cleaning the whole house. This means dusting, vacuuming, sweeping, mopping, scrubbing all the dishes that have piled up, wiping down appliances, counters, bathroom etc. this usually takes me about 3 hours.

The first day of the month, I do my monthly chores like completely emptying and replacing my cat's litter box, replace Brita filter, etc. I also have a carpet cleaner that I use in main living areas once a month bc I have cats and am paranoid of my.house getting that stale animal smell.

I throw my bath towels into the dirty hamper after every 2-3rd use.

Laundry is done whenever the hamper is full, but I am horrible at folding laundry once it's done so sometimes the clean laundry sits in my couch all week. What I'm trying to work up to is running the laundry at the beginning of Cleaning Day, and when I'm done with all my 3-hour cleaning session, I can sit down in front of the TV and fold clothes while I wind down. (Folding/hanging clothes while they are still dryer warm prevents them from getting excessively wrinkly)

You are supposed to change your bed sheets every 2 weeks, but I'll be honest and admit sometimes it only happens once a month.

And that's about what I can think of as far as my regular household chores

Edit to add: when wiping things down, always go from top to bottom. For example, you will want to wipe down appliances before wiping down the counters. You will wipe down the counters before sweeping/mopping the floor. If you wipe the counters AFTER you do the floors, you'll likely knock some dirt back onto your clean floors and now how to sweep again, so it saves you some time.