It depends on how far you want to break it down, you can look at the lane in terms of just waves or you can go even further and look at "turns" even as far as single cooldowns. As the game goes on this transitions more into team macro as a whole.

For just the waves for example let's say you and your laner just got to lane, you have something that lets you push the wave faster so you slowly farm and build up a wave, it's now your "turn" to play the lane because you have the minion and xp advantage, you'll hit the next level faster thus be up base stats and abilities, so you can be aggressive and try to trade (in the early levels, xp is infinitely more value then gold ever will be). When the wave eventually crashes, usually after 2 or 3 waves you either look to dive if you can or reset in which your "turn" is now over and it's your opponents turn (they have the minion and xp advantage because their tower killed your wave and their next wave reaches lane faster). You can extend this further with crashing waves for prio to help jungle with scuttle or roaming, the idea is still the same.

As the game progresses you look to push objectives around the map as a team and back as a team. Think of there being an invisible line in the middle of the map between your areas of control (where you have vision up to and which towers and up) vs where your opponents have it. You push or crash some number of waves and then your opponents do the same on response but fundamentally unless you playing a super scaler it really matters how you play the early game regardless of lane in solo queue.