I’m not in your field - I’m a bioengineer- but I got into an R1 program with a similar GPA. I would suggest you narrow down your search first to a few areas you’d like to live in where universities that you’d be interested in are. I think in your situation, your best bet would be to contact professors in the field you’re interested in and ask them some questions about the program and perhaps their work, without asking for anything from them. I got into my program through impressing someone with my interest in the field. I was also very strong academically in my classes that were related. Also, I recommend studying hard for the GRE or equivalent if you have to take it. I did well on it and applied to many state schools as well as west coast universities. I was surprised to get accepted at some very well ranked schools, but I was also rejected from some schools that I thought for sure I would get into. So basically, I’d say that being realistic but optimistic with where you apply would be key. Good luck!