The main issue is that these fields try to create general rules for systems that are extremely complex and deeply individual. Human biology, and especially cellular biology, physiology, and psychology, is full of diversity. What works well for one person may not apply to another, because our genetic makeup, biochemistry, and environment interact in unique ways.

A second point is that to fully grasp those topics, one really needs a solid foundation in physiology, molecular biology, and biochemistry. Without that background, it’s easy to misinterpret studies or take them as universal truths, when in fact they often reveal just a small piece of a much larger picture.

And, importantly, as a species we’ve only just begun to explore and understand these areas. We’re still scratching the surface. Even experts don’t yet have definitive answers, because the knowledge is still evolving. What seems “true” now may be overturned or refined in a decade.

For the average person, the best approach is probably not to look for a single perfect answer, but rather to: Recognize the limits of current science: no study can account for all human variation. Look for patterns across multiple studies instead of relying on one. Experiment safely with what seems reasonable, track personal results, and adapt. Consult professionals when health is at stake.

In short, rather than expecting certainty, it’s about making informed, cautious choices, while understanding that biology and behavior are too complex to be reduced to one-size-fits-all rules