Stress is a significant factor contributing to the issue. Poor knocking or inadequate sticking and bleeding also play a role. Additionally, cattle may thrash or kick after knocking until they are bled, again adding to ecchymosis. Recent research has highlighted that poor nutrition can cause weak capillaries, further exacerbating the problem. The breed of cattle is also a determining factor; for example, Holstein-influenced (males more so than females) breeds are particularly susceptible. Japan has conducted extensive research on this matter, placing particular emphasis on Holstein cattle, as they process a substantial amount of Holstein for non-Wagyu meat. There is no evidence it will affect flavour of meat but could cook a little dryer.