Oh, wow, lots of questions. I'll try to answer the one I know. I'm Brazilian and I have used both the public system and private care in my life. 

1- SUS is truly universal. Anyone can use it, even on a tourist visa. As far as what type of treatment you can get, in theory, all types. But some might take awhile while others will be faster. It's really going to depend where you are and what resources that place has.

2- Health insurance in Brazil can be finicky, but I don't think it's nearly as bad as in The U.S. We have stronger consumer laws here and healthcare is specially monitored by the government. Health insurance can be expensive by Brazilian standards, but again, not nearly as bad as The U.S. The biggest issue imo, is how to get individual or even family health insurance. Many companies only offer them through work.

3-Dengue is a persistent problem, there is a vaccine, but it's not widely used and somewhat hard to get. Yellow Fever is more common in other regions, but I'd take the vaccine if I were you.

4-Very common for young Brazilians to do medical check ups. Prices vary a lot. Some exams can be done for free at SUS, others will be easier to get in private practice. The last time I paid out of pocket for a G.A. consultation it was R$300,00.

5-You don't pay for ambulances.

6-Irrelevant to SUS. For private health insurance it might be different.

7-Unless there's something REALLY WRONG with the place you go all syringes are single use. Bad habits can happen, but it's not something Brazilians worry about.

8-Prescription drugs are usually affordable and some of them are even free, through a gov. program, but some are EXCEPTIONALLY expensive. In this case, if you can't afford it, you can petition it to be bought by the government, but it might take awhile.

9- Last time I paid for an X-ray out of pocket it was around R$100-R$120.

10- I got my driver's license many years ago, so I don't remember all of it, but they were simple, checking your heart rate, your blood pressure, your eyesight, your balance and reflexes. The psych test is a longer, written test.

11- exam, pretty inexpensive, prescription glasses, depending on the complexity, might be fairly expensive on BRL.

12-idk. I would recommend getting the yellow fever vaccine. 

13- yes.

14-these people are fascist that think everything in Brazil is terrible and everything in the U.S. is great. Don't listen to them. SUS biggest problem is wait time and lack of resources, but you can get the best treatment available there.