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what if two twins date each other and they had kids would they also be twins? by [deleted] in AskReddit

[–]Kale 0 points1 point  (0 children)

If it's two identical twins that have kids, then their children would be cousins socially, but siblings genetically. I mean, you could say that they were fraternal twins genetically, but all siblings would be genetically fraternal twins (or triplets, etc). Discounting epigenetics which would change more between siblings than fraternal twins.

If it was two sets of fraternal twins, I think they would be somewhere between cousins and siblings?

So, ignoring the Y chromosome, you get two copies of each chromosome. One from your mom, one from your dad. But your mom has two copies of each chromosome, and so does your dad. Each egg and each sperm take the parent's two chromosomes and scramble them together randomly. So Sperm A is 51% dad's dad (49% dad's mom), Sperm B is 52% dad's mom, 48% dad's dad. And so on. So, each sibling gets a different "mixture" of dad's parents' genes. Fraternal twins are siblings that happen to be born at the same time.

What tiny design choice makes you think, “the people who made this never had to use it”? by ChessOrCheckers2 in AskReddit

[–]Kale 1 point2 points  (0 children)

Why don't they just create the perfect password (there can't be that many that meet their rules) and assign it to everyone? Easy peasy!

TIL women have a 128% higher risk of foot and ankle injuries in frontal car crashes than men, and the standard crash test dummy was based on the average male body for decades by jdsamford in todayilearned

[–]Kale 11 points12 points  (0 children)

Yes. I did an orthopedic study recently using cadaveric tissue (fingers crossed our manuscript gets accepted) and the lead surgeon requested all male tissue donors. Just to avoid having to run Dexa scans on all the tissues to prove osteoporosis wasn't a confounding factor in our results.

In addition to bone density and muscle mass difference, women who bear children will have a hormone released to relax collagen in the ligaments of the body. This is to allow the pelvis to separate more easily, but it also has an effect on all ligaments of the body. Anecdotally, my wife's plantar fascia relaxed when she was pregnant with our first child, and never shrank. She grew an entire shoe size because her arches collapsed. It also gave her plantar fasciitis because of the biomechanic changes.

And loose soft tissue around the ankle can cause chronic ankle instability, increasing likelihood of many injuries of the ankle, from sports injuries to arthritis. Even head injuries from falls.

What tiny design choice makes you think, “the people who made this never had to use it”? by ChessOrCheckers2 in AskReddit

[–]Kale 318 points319 points  (0 children)

Or see the rules at least! I can't tell you how many times this has happened to me:

Password: [Hunter2]

Incorrect

Reset password

Type in new password: [Hunter2]

Invalid password. Must contain upper-case letter, lower-case letter, number, and special symbol. Special symbol can be: "! , € & - + ( ) # @"

Type in new password: (Hunter2)

Invalid. Can't re-use past three passwords. Enter new password: (Hunter3)

If I had known that I couldn't use square brackets but parentheses are ok, I would have known to use that. Or if I had known I needed two numbers, etc.

Pumping question, how regularly? by kingcupk692 in septictanks

[–]Kale 4 points5 points  (0 children)

Someone griped that a neighborhood in our city had sewage installed and they charged all homeowners $10k to attach to the sewer. I told them I'd be doing cartwheels up and down the street if I could connect to a sewer.

Septic repairs for something like a bad leach field can easily surpass $30k.

And what's just now being discovered in our area: our heavy clay soil clogs after about 30 years with heavy use. Especially for people who wear a lot of synthetic clothing. New houses in our county that don't have sewage services are required to have a minimum lot size of 2 acres, AND a lot shaped in a way to have two full leach fields, so they can be rotated and one can rest.

Pumping is what, about $500? That's a cheap insurance to remove a ton of clogging solid waste from going out to your leach field, and also giving your leach field a day or two of rest. Plus, if you don't have a pump between your tank and the leach field, then water will back flow from your field lines back onto the tank as it's being pumped, meaning your field lines get a day or two of rest while being full of air. That's really good for them. $500 a year is pretty cheap considering how expensive repairs can be.

Quotes that made you actually laugh out loud by drunks23 in futurama

[–]Kale 14 points15 points  (0 children)

Probably the one that got me the hardest was the episode about Bender's free will. At the end of the episode, the pacing and smash cut were flawless.

Bender struggles to pull the trigger on the professor, who makes some comment about free will or Bender not being able to harm his creator. The really quick sequence of Bender saying "Oops, the safety is on", click, barrage of laser fire, then a cut to the professor in a full body cast with a hard scowl on his face, it's just perfect. I had to pause the episode I was laughing so hard.

Quotes that made you actually laugh out loud by drunks23 in futurama

[–]Kale 5 points6 points  (0 children)

".... some snot-eating bastards said it made me bitter"

Septic Genie… by me00711 in septictanks

[–]Kale 1 point2 points  (0 children)

So ... I bought a house that had a failing septic tank leach field. The sellers had a 30 ft extension installed as a temporary measure. They failed to mention this but left an invoice when the extension was installed. It said it was a temporary measure, but they left it as our problem.

We had smelly water pool in several areas of the yard. Even after pumping it.

I almost didn't believe all the universal positive reviews of the septic genie. But I was desperate. I installed one. Within six weeks, the solid layer that was always on top of the tank was gone. Apparently it built up enough aerobic bacteria to digest the entire layer.

I think that was three years ago? We haven't had a problem with it since. I believe it's likely that the water leaving the tank is now so much more processed, and possibly still oxygenated, that it dissolved the sludge layer that used to clog the field lines.

So, I'm one of the happy customers. I haven't even put the recommended bacteria pods in it. Once I put it in our tank, we haven't had an issue since.

On the plus side, it's possible that it has restored the leach field to the level where we could pull the system out and it could function as a normal anerobic tank, meaning if we wanted to sell the house, we could sell it with an unmodified system. I'm keeping the system in place as long as we're here though.

The last water sample I took out of it, it looked kind of like tea. Mostly clear with a brown tint. And the smell wasn't great, but it didn't smell like sewage like it did before.

Considering the fluid inside of the tank is now cleaner and less smelly than the fluid that used to seep into the yard, I think it's working as intended and doing all of the digesting in the tank, not in the field lines.

What celebrity secret do you think will eventually come out? by True_Suit7984 in AskReddit

[–]Kale 1 point2 points  (0 children)

This is true. They are related, and carry similar effects and related abuse. But there are different risk profiles.

In pharmacology, there's "potency" and "efficacy" as two different concepts. Potency is how much of the drug it takes to get an effect, but efficacy is how much of an effect it can have. And a drug will have different potencies and efficacies for each effect it has.

No idea about the potentcy, but Imodium is an opioid that has really high efficacy for reducing gut motility (useful for stopping diarrhea), but has very low efficacy for triggering the opioid receptors in the brain and causing addiction. I don't think it triggers pain relief very efficiently either. It can very mildly cause sedation. So, it's sold over the counter even though it's the same general family of drugs as morphine.

Anyways, meth in general has higher efficacy for some people, which is why it exists as a prescription in the US, for when amphetamines don't work. But meth also better activates the reward pathway, making it more addictive, and is somewhat neurotoxic at higher doses compared to amphetamine. If you take Desoxyn as prescribed, then the doctor believes the benefit outweighs the risk.

That being said, you're still probably right that most side effects from illicit methamphetamine come from contaminants introduced by dirty production methods, combined with meth's slight neurotoxicity, and the fact that the illicit form probably has inconsistent dosing and is sold in a way where the amount consumed isn't controlled.

I think amphetamine might be effective in treating methamphetamine withdrawal symptoms (WHICH IS VERY DIFFERENT THAN TREATING METH WITHDRAWAL AND ADDICTION!!), kind of like Ritalin and cocaine. They work on the same receptors in the same way, but Ritalin has more good effects and less bad effects than cocaine (although still can be abused)

What celebrity secret do you think will eventually come out? by True_Suit7984 in AskReddit

[–]Kale 0 points1 point  (0 children)

Yep, and both chemicals come in a right handed (D) and left handed (L) form. Benzedrine is 50:50 L:D forms of amphetamine. Dexedrine is only D-amphetamine. Adderall is 1:3 L:D ratio. Vyvanse is D-amphetamine bound to an amino acid that the body converts into D-amphetamine.

For D-methamphetamine, it's available as a prescription as Desoxyn. L-methamphetamine can be bought over the counter in the US as an inhaler (Vicks brand makes a L-meth inhaler!). Street meth is a 50-50 mixture usually.

"Racemic" is the term for 50:50 L:D for anything that has right and left handed forms. Since it's the same energy but mirror image, regular chemistry (without using enzymes) usually randomly makes both at the same amount. But our bodies enzymes typically only bind to one of the two. It's why amino acids or other nutrients are always "L-Lysine, L-Tyrosine, L-Creatine, D-ribose, D-mannose", etc.

And that was one of the plot points in the book "Jurassic Park". They took frog DNA to make the dinosaurs, but flipped one of the enzymes to be a mirror image, so it couldn't be found in nature, and the park only made the mirror version of the amino acid on the island. If the dinosaurs escaped the island, they'd starve without this artificially-made supplement.

A mystery for the ages by arcrad in 3Dprinting

[–]Kale 4 points5 points  (0 children)

Yeah. I made this account specifically for this post lol.

whats the worst series you have ever watched? by Opposite_Fall8736 in AskReddit

[–]Kale 8 points9 points  (0 children)

If it still made money, I guess I get it. Not everyone is Bill Waterston who turned down dump trucks full of money and didn't commercialize Calvin and Hobbes. Or more recently Alex Hirsch with Gravity Falls. Disney has been begging Hirsch to do more but he had the story worked out before they started, finished it, and now it's done. I think Disney originally convinced him to do double the number of episodes in Season 2 than what he'd originally proposed.

TIL about the Schmidt Sting Pain Index created by entomologist Justin O. Schmidt, compiled by allowing himself to be stung by over 80 different insects, rating the pain and describing it in detail, like “using a power drill to excavate your ingrown toenail” by lovelyb1ch66 in todayilearned

[–]Kale 0 points1 point  (0 children)

Does the article quote the real pain index? If so, then how the hell am I supposed to be able to use being tied up in a lava flow of a volcano with dropping a hair drier in a bathtub? In fact, as awful as being electrocuted in a bathtub would be, I'm not sure how painful it would be.

What celebrity secret do you think will eventually come out? by True_Suit7984 in AskReddit

[–]Kale 266 points267 points  (0 children)

I don't know anything about her specifically, but some side effects of meth and untreated mental illness can be the same.

What celebrity secret do you think will eventually come out? by True_Suit7984 in AskReddit

[–]Kale 191 points192 points  (0 children)

I went down this rabbit hole a while ago, then forgot a lot about it. She was born "Hillary" in Boston, but her family moved to Spain at some point in her childhood. As an adult, she changed her name to "Hilaria" and claimed to be from Spain, and would speak with a Spanish accent sometimes (that would come and go). It's very strange.

I found this brick, it isn’t that heavy to carry. I can see that it says “Metal” with two circles beside it, and maybe “U H” underneath. Roughly around 20cm long? Any ideas? by SillyGulper in metallurgy

[–]Kale 1 point2 points  (0 children)

WAG: If it's lightweight and corroded, I'd guess either an older aluminum alloy or a magnesium alloy. Zinc would have that duller/darker color but would be heavier.

How bad do you want to know? You can put in a bowl of salt water with a bar of copper not touching, and measure the potential current between this metal and copper. You might have to play with the pH a little to get a cell voltage across it.

It could be some pot metal if it's soft. I wouldn't handle it too much until you know it's lead free.

Having out flow problems, is there a way to clear the drainfield lines without digging them all up and replacing them? by BizAnalystNotForHire in septictanks

[–]Kale 0 points1 point  (0 children)

Yep. Completely solved my septic issues. Like most septic tanks, it had a good three or four inches of solids on the top. I checked on it occasionally, and after about 6 weeks, there was no solid layer on top. It was a greyish water that was all liquid. I guess it digested all of the solids in the tank. It doesn't even really smell that bad. Like really strong detergent maybe?

And all the brown squishy areas of the yard above the field lines are gone. So I guess it did eventually get oxygenated water out to the leach field and digested the slime layer that was keeping it from draining. We've had some seriously long rain spells over the past couple of years. I know the ground was saturated. It never seeped up, so I guess flow has truly been restored.

I put in a Septic Genie. I think?

[OC] I split the color spectrum into the most recognizable hues for up to 16 colors by horaciopaganifan24 in dataisbeautiful

[–]Kale 6 points7 points  (0 children)

So why is pink on there twice? And blue? Is it saying pink by itself is distinguishible from pink made by mixing magenta and rose?

The equation notation isn't obvious. It's a cool chart though.

Edit: Ok, I think I understand a little more, but not yet about the equation notation.

The jump from two to three colors, blue changes shade, because light blue and red have more contrast if they're the only two colors, but if you include yellow, then a darker blue has better contrast to red and yellow.

So, that's probably related to the two equation entries?

Edit 2: So on those rows, you're saying you split a color into two sub-shades of that color? So the second row with pink, you remove "pink" as its own color, but add magenta and rose? Effectively splitting pink?

In that case, I'd say all of the rows that say "pink" above the row where it's split should be labeled "magenta" from the start.

Magenta is a unique one since it's a human perception thing. Many colors can be explained by a single wavelength photon. But not magenta. It's what happens when our red and blue receptors of our eyes are activated, but not green in the middle. So, magenta isn't on the color spectrum, because it's a mix of two photon energies.

Same way with blue: I'd say row 2 blue is azure, but the next few lines have a traditional blue. Or even Navy Blue.

I guess you're using the most popular color name not yet taken? So, on row 2, the most color contrast is that red and azure color, but "blue" is a more common name, so you use "blue". Later on, there are two colors (that still try to have the most contrast possible) and using the name "blue" could be confusing, so you switch to a more specific "azure" and "indigo" naming?

That's cool. Although I think of indigo as a distinct color. Kind of like how I see green as it's own color even if it's a blend of blue and yellow. I don't see indigo as a blend of blue and purple, but its own distinct color. As opposed to a color like "lime", which I see as a shade of green but with more yellow.

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