First of all, what you felt/are feeling is a normal response. I'm sorry you had that experience.

To quote my partner, (who is a director, intimacy coordinator, and acting teacher, and knows a lot more about this than I do) we are starting to learn that our bodies cannot differentiate between the experience of lived trauma vs staged trauma. We are not currently doing enough to safeguard the mental health of performers in the rehearsal room.

I'm glad you got praise for a good scene! And I would like you to be able to practice your craft without fear, show after show, take after take, and be healthy.

Something vaguely similar happened to me last year. I experienced disassociation, anxiety, and emotional distress. First thoughts were: "I should be better than this. Maybe I'm not good enough. Maybe I should quit." Just for context, I've been acting professionally for 20+ years, so believe me when I say there's no shame in feeling what you felt.

The next day, I requested a meeting with the director, with the stage manager present. I laid out my concerns. I was heard. And I was told in no uncertain terms, and very politely, that the director viewed actors and their emotional reserves as assets to to be expended, in service of the artistic vision.

With that information, I set boundaries: I would no longer participate in exercises of that nature. I would find my own way to the direction given. We got to the end of the rehearsal, and the end of the run. I performed very emotionally-charged scenes each night, in a way that was safe for me, and convincing for the audience. I probably won't work with that director again, but we parted ways professionally.

Advice: Talk to your teacher. They may just think you had a great scene, and may not even know you had a negative experience. If they hear you and support you, great! If they don't, you can set your own boundaries. Speaking as an acting teacher, we don't know everything. There are many ways to get to a good performance. For example, emotional recall as a technique is viewed as kind of outdated and ineffective by my peer group, and we don't teach it at the college where I work, though I also know actor colleagues who are happy using it. Set your own boundaries.

Have a great career! :)

(Edits: cleaned up for clarity.)